Python Calculator

# Program make a simple calculator

# This function adds two numbers
def add(x, y):
   return x + y

# This function subtracts two numbers
def subtract(x, y):
   return x - y

# This function multiplies two numbers
def multiply(x, y):
   return x * y

# This function divides two numbers
def divide(x, y):
   return x / y

Repeat ='Y'

while (Repeat=='Y' or Repeat=='y'):
    print("SELECT OPERATION.")
    print("    + Add")
    print("    - Subtract")
    print("    * Multiply")
    print("    / Divide")

    # Take input from the user
    choice = input("Your choice is : ")

    num1 = float(input("Enter first number:"))
    num2 = float(input("Enter second number: "))
    if choice == '+':
        print(num1,"+",num2,"=", add(num1,num2))

    elif choice == '-':
        print(num1,"-",num2,"=", subtract(num1,num2))
 
    elif choice == '*':
        print(num1,"*",num2,"=", multiply(num1,num2))

    elif choice == '/':
        print(num1,"/",num2,"=", divide(num1,num2))
    else:
        print("your choice is invalid")
       
    Repeat=input("Do you want to continue Enter Y/N")

Python Version List

Python Version List

Python programming language is being updated regularly with new features and supports.

There are lots of updates in python versions, started from 1994 to current release.

Python versions with its released date is given below.

• Python 1.0 : January 1994
• Python 1.5 : December 31, 1997
• Python 1.6 : September 5, 2000
• Python 2.0 : October 16, 2000
• Python 2.1 : April 17, 2001
• Python 2.2 : December 21, 2001
• Python 2.3 : July 29, 2003
• Python 2.4 : November 30, 2004
• Python 2.5 : September 19, 2006
• Python 2.6 : October 1, 2008
• Python 2.7 : July 3, 2010
• Python 3.0 : December 3, 2008
• Python 3.1 : June 27, 2009
• Python 3.2 : February 20, 2011
• Python 3.3 : September 29, 2012
• Python 3.4 : March 16, 2014
• Python 3.5 : September 13, 2015
• Python 3.6 : December 23, 2016
• Python 3.7 : June 27, 2018

Thank you very much for reading carefully, if you have any other questions, you can share it with us through comments, if this information was important to you, please let us know through comments.

Please do comment and share.

Thank You.

What is Data Structure ?

What is Data Structure ?

Data Structure is a way to store and organize data so that it can be used efficiently.

Data structures are the building blocks of any program or the software. Choosing the appropriate data structure for a program is the most difficult task for a programmer.

Following terminology is used as far as data structures are concerned.

Data: Data can be defined as an elementary value or the collection of values, for example, student's name and its id are the data about the student.

Group Items: Data items which have subordinate data items are called Group item, for example, name of a student can have first name and the last name.

Record: Record can be defined as the collection of various data items, for example, if we talk about the student entity, then its name, address, course and marks can be grouped together to form the record for the student.

File: A File is a collection of various records of one type of entity, for example, if there are 60 employees in the class, then there will be 20 records in the related file where each record contains the data about each employee.

Attribute and Entity: An entity represents the class of certain objects. it contains various attributes. Each attribute represents the particular property of that entity.

Field: Field is a single elementary unit of information representing the attribute of an entity.

Why  Data Structures ?

As applications are getting complex and amount of data is increasing day by day, there may arises the following problems:

Processor speed: To handle very large amout of data, high speed processing is equired, but as the data is growing day by day to the billions of files per entity, processor may fail to deal with that much amount of data.

Data Search: Consider an inventory size of 106 items in a store, If our application needs to search for a particular item, it needs to traverse 106 items every time, results in slowing down the search process.

Multiple requests: If thousands of users are searching the data simultaneously on a web server, then there are the chances that a very large server can be failed during that process in order to solve the above problems, data structures are used. Data is rganized to form a data structure in such a way that all items are not required to be searched and required data can be searched instantly.

Advantages of  Data Structures.

Efficiency: Efficiency of a program depends upon the choice of data structures. For example: suppose, we have some data and we need to perform the search for a particular record. In that case, if we organize our data in an array, we will have to search sequentially element by element. hence, using array may not be very efficient here. There are better data structures which can make the search process efficient like ordered array, binary search tree or hash tables.

Reusability: Data structures are reusable, i.e. once we have implemented a particular data structure, we can use it at any other place. Implementation of data structures can be compiled into libraries which can be used by different clients.

Abstraction: Data structure is specified by the ADT which provides a level of abstraction. The client program uses the data structure through interface only, without getting into the implementation details.

Data Structure Classification

Linear data structures.

Linear Data Structures: A data structure is called linear if all of its elements are arranged in the linear order. In linear data structures, the elements are stored in non-hierarchical way where each element has the successors and predecessors except the first and last element.

Arrays: An array is a collection of similar type of data items and each data item is called an element of the array.

The data type of the element may be any valid data type like char, int, float or double.

The elements of array share the same variable name but each one carries a different index number known as subscript.

The array can be one dimensional, two dimensional or multidimensional.

The individual elements of the array age are:

age[0], age[1], age[2], age[3], age[98], age[99].

Linked List: Linked list is a linear data structure which is used to maintain a list in the memory. It can be seen as the collection of nodes stored at non-contiguous memory locations. Each node of the list contains a pointer to its adjacent node.

Stack: Stack is a linear list in which insertion and deletions are allowed only at one end, called top.

A stack is an abstract data type (ADT), can be implemented in most of the programming languages. It is named as stack because it behaves like a real-world stack.

Example:  piles of plates or deck of cards etc.

Queue: Queue is a linear list in which elements can be inserted only at one end called rear and deleted only at the other end called front.

It is an abstract data structure, similar to stack.

Queue is opened at both end therefore it follows First-In-First-Out (FIFO) methodology for storing the data items.

Example : A good example of a queue is any queue of consumers for a resource where the consumer that came first is served first.

Type of Queue.

Simple Queue.

Circular Queue.

Priority Queue.

Doubly Ended Queue (Dequeue).

The difference between stacks and queues is in removing.

In a stack we remove the item the most recently added.

in a queue, we remove the item the least recently added.

Non Linear Data Structures.

Non Linear Data Structures: This data structure does not form a sequence i.e. each item or element is connected with two or more other items in a non-linear arrangement. The data elements are not arranged in sequential structure.

Trees: Trees are multilevel data structures with a hierarchical relationship among its elements known as nodes. The bottom most nodes in the hierarchy are called leaf node while the topmost node is called root node. Each node contains pointers to point adjacent nodes.

Type of Tree.

General Tree.

Forests.

Binary Tree.

Binary Search Tree.

Expression Tree.

Tournament Tree.

Tree data structure is based on the parent-child relationship among the nodes. Each node in the tree can have more than one children except the leaf nodes whereas each node can have at most one parent except the root node. Trees can be classified into many categories which will be discussed later in this tutorial.

Graphs: Graphs can be defined as the pictorial representation of the set of elements (represented by vertices) connected by the links known as edges. A graph is different from tree in the sense that a graph can have cycle while the tree cannot have the one.

Operations on data structure.

Traversing: Every data structure contains the set of data elements. Traversing the data structure means visiting each element of the data structure in order to perform some specific operation like searching or sorting.

Example: If we need to calculate the average of the marks obtained by a student in 6 different subject, we need to traverse the complete array of marks and calculate the total sum, then we will divide that sum by the number of subjects i.e. 6, in order to find the average.

Insertion: Insertion can be defined as the process of adding the elements to the data structure at any location.

If the size of data structure is n then we can only insert n-1 data elements into it.

Deletion:The process of removing an element from the data structure is called Deletion. We can delete an element from the data structure at any random location.

If we try to delete an element from an empty data structure then underflow occurs.

Searching: The process of finding the location of an element within the data structure is called Searching. There are two algorithms to perform searching, Linear Search and Binary Search. We will discuss each one of them later in this tutorial.

Sorting: The process of arranging the data structure in a specific order is known as Sorting. There are many algorithms that can be used to perform sorting, for example, insertion sort, selection sort, bubble sort, etc.

Merging: When two lists List A and List B of size M and N respectively, of similar type of elements, clubbed or joined to produce the third list, List C of size (M+N), then this process is called merging.

Thank you very much for reading carefully, if you have any other questions, you can share it with us through comments, if this information was important to you, please let us know through comments.

Please do comment and share.

Thank You.

Advantages & Disadvantages of Python

Advantages & Disadvantages of  Python

Python is an interpreted high-level programming language, which is rapidly growing nowadays . Within this article, we will go through the pros and cons of Python and see where its use would be more or less beneficial.

Advantages of Python

• Extensive Support Libraries
• Integration Feature
• Improved Programmer’s Productivity
• Productivity

Disadvantages of  Python

• Difficulty in Using Other Languages
• Weak in Mobile Computing
• Gets Slow in Speed
• Run-time Errors
• Underdeveloped Database Access Layers

Advantages of Python

Extensive Support Libraries

It provides large standard libraries that include the areas like string operations, Internet, web service tools, operating system interfaces and protocols. Most of the highly used programming tasks are already scripted into it that limits the length of the codes to be written in Python.

Integration Feature

Python integrates the Enterprise Application Integration that makes it easy to develop Web services by invoking COM or COBRA components. It has powerful control capabilities as it calls directly through C, C++ or Java via Jython. Python also processes XML and other markup languages as it can run on all modern operating systems through same byte code.

Improved Programmer’s Productivity

The language has extensive support libraries and clean object-oriented designs that increase two to ten fold of programmer’s productivity while using the languages like Java, VB, Perl, C, C++ and C#.

Productivity

With its strong process integration features, unit testing framework and enhanced control capabilities contribute towards the increased speed for most applications and productivity of applications. It is a great option for building scalable multi-protocol network applications.

Disadvantages of  Python

Python has varied advantageous features, and programmers prefer this language to other programming languages because it is easy to learn and code too.

This language has still not made its place in some computing arenas that includes Enterprise Development Shops. Therefore, this language may not solve some of the enterprise solutions.

Difficulty in Using Other Languages

The Python lovers become so accustomed to its features and its extensive libraries, so they face problem in learning or working on other programming languages. Python experts may see the declaring of cast “values” or variable “types”, syntactic requirements of adding curly braces or semi colons as an onerous task.

Weak in Mobile Computing

Python has made its presence on many desktop and server platforms, but it is seen as a weak language for mobile computing. This is the reason very few mobile applications are built in it like Carbonnelle.

Gets Slow in Speed

Python executes with the help of an interpreter instead of the compiler, which causes it to slow down because compilation and execution help it to work normally. On the other hand, it can be seen that it is fast for many web applications too.

Run-time Errors

The Python language is dynamically typed so it has many design restrictions that are reported by some Python developers. It is even seen that it requires more testing time, and the errors show up when the applications are finally run.

Underdeveloped Database Access Layers

As compared to the popular technologies like JDBC and ODBC, the Python’s database access layer is found to be bit underdeveloped and primitive. However, it cannot be applied in the enterprises that need smooth interaction of complex legacy data.

Conclusion

Concluding the tutorial on advantages and disadvantages of Python, I would say Python is a robust programming language and provides an easy usage of the code lines, maintenance can be handled in a great way, and debugging can be done easily too. It has gained importance across the globe as computer giant Google has made it one of its official programming languages.

Thank you very much for reading carefully, if you have any other questions, you can share it with us through comments, if this information was important to you, please let us know through comments.

Please do comment and share.

Thank You.

Python Pattern Programs

In this article, I show you how to Print pattern in Python.

Today, We will cover the following Python pattern programs:

• Number Pattern
• Triangle Pattern with Number
• Star (*) or Asterisk Pattern
• Pyramid pattern
• Inverted pyramid pattern
• Half pyramid pattern
• Diamond Shaped Pattern
• Characters or Alphabets Pattern
• Square pattern

SECTION : A

Numbers Pattern 1:

1  

2 2  

3 3 3  

4 4 4 4  

5 5 5 5 5

Programs :

rows = int(input("Enter the number of rows "))
for row in range(1, rows+1):
    for column in range(1, row + 1):
        print(row, end=' ')
    print("")

Number Pattern 2:

1 

1 2 

1 2 3 

1 2 3 4 

1 2 3 4 5

Programs :

rows = int(input("Enter the number of rows "))
for row in range(1, rows+1):
    for column in range(1, row + 1):
        print(column, end=' ')
    print("")

Number Pattern 2:

1 

1 1 

1 1 1 

1 1 1 1 

1 1 1 1 1

Programs :

rows = int(input("Enter the number of rows "))
for row in range(1, rows+1):
    for column in range(1, row + 1):
        print("1", end=' ')
    print("")

SECTION : B

Numbers Pattern 1:

5 5 5 5 5 

5 5 5 5 

5 5 5 

5 5 

5

Programs :

rows = int(input("Enter number of rows "))
num = rows
for i in range(rows, 0, -1):
    for j in range(0, i):
        print(num, end=' ')
    print("\r")

Numbers Pattern 2:

1 1 1 1 1 

2 2 2 2 

3 3 3 

4 4 

5

Programs :

rows = int(input("enter number of rows "))
b = 0
for i in range(rows, 0, -1):
    b += 1
    for j in range(1, i + 1):
        print(b, end=' ')
    print('\r')

SECTION : C

Numbers Pattern 1:

            1 

         1 2 

      1 2 3

   1 2 3 4

1 2 3 4 5

Programs :

rows = int(input("Enter the number of rows ")) + 1
for row in range(1, rows):
    num = 1
    for j in range(rows, 0, -1):
        if j > row:
            print(" ", end=' ')
        else:
            print(num, end=' ')
            num += 1
    print("")

SECTION : D

Numbers Pattern 1:

            *
         * *
      * * *
   * * * *
* * * * *

Programs :

rows = int(input("Enter the size of pattern "))
k = 2 * rows - 2
for i in range(0, rows):
    for j in range(0, k):
        print(end=" ")
    k = k - 2
    for j in range(0, i + 1):
        print("* ", end="") 
    print("") 

SECTION : E

SECTION : F

Numbers Pattern 1:

*
* *
* * *
* * * *
* * * * *
* * * *
* * *
* *
*
Programs :

rows = int(input("Enter max star to be display on single line "))
for i in range(0, rows):
    for j in range(0, i + 1):
        print("*", end=' ')
    print("\r")

for i in range(rows, 0, -1):
    for j in range(0, i - 1):
        print("*", end=' ')
    print("\r")

Thank you very much for reading carefully, if you have any other questions, you can share it with us through comments, if this information was important to you, please let us know through comments.

Please do comment and share.
Thank You.